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java(1)								       java(1)

Name
       java - the Java application launcher

SYNOPSIS
	   java [ options ] class [ argument ... ]
	   java [ options ] -jar file.jar [ argument ... ]

	     options
		Command-line options.

	     class
		Name of the class to be invoked.

	     file.jar
		Name of the jar file to be invoked. Used only with -jar.

	     argument
		Argument passed to the main function.

DESCRIPTION
       The  java  tool launches a Java application. It does this by starting a
       Java runtime environment, loading a specified class, and invoking  that
       class's main method.

       The  method  must be declared public and static, it must not return any
       value, and it must accept a String array as  a  parameter.  The	method
       declaration must look like the following:

	   public static void main(String args[])

       By  default,  the first non-option argument is the name of the class to
       be invoked. A fully-qualified class name should be used.	 If  the  -jar
       option is specified, the first non-option argument is the name of a JAR
       archive containing class and resource files for the  application,  with
       the startup class indicated by the Main-Class manifest header.

       The  Java  runtime  searches  for  the startup class, and other classes
       used, in three  sets  of	 locations:  the  bootstrap  class  path,  the
       installed extensions, and the user class path.

       Non-option  arguments  after the class name or JAR file name are passed
       to the main function.

OPTIONS
       The launcher has a set of standard options that are  supported  on  the
       current	runtime	 environment and will be supported in future releases.
       In addition, the current implementations of the virtual	machines  sup‐
       port a set of non-standard options that are subject to change in future
       releases.

Standard Options
	  -client

	  Select the Java HotSpot Client VM. A 64-bit  capable	jdk  currently
	  ignores this option and instead uses the Java Hotspot Server VM.

	  For default VM selection, see Server-Class Machine Detection @
	  http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/tech‐
	  notes/guides/vm/server-class.html

	  -server

	  Select the Java HotSpot Server VM. On a 64-bit capable jdk only the
	  Java Hotspot Server VM is supported so the -server option is
	  implicit.

	  For default VM selection, see Server-Class Machine Detection @
	  http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/tech‐
	  notes/guides/vm/server-class.html

	  -agentlib:libname[=options]
	     Load native agent library libname, e.g.

	  -agentlib:hprof

	  -agentlib:jdwp=help

	  -agentlib:hprof=help

	  For more information, see JVMTI Agent Command Line Options @
	  http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/platform/jvmti/jvmti.html#start‐
	  ing.

	  -agentpath:pathname[=options]
	     Load a native agent library by full pathname. For more informa‐
	     tion, see JVMTI Agent Command Line Options @
	     http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/plat‐
	     form/jvmti/jvmti.html#starting.

	  -classpath classpath

	  -cp classpath
	     Specify a list of directories, JAR archives, and ZIP archives to
	     search for class files. Class path entries are separated by
	     colons (:). Specifying -classpath or -cp overrides any setting of
	     the CLASSPATH environment variable.

	  If -classpath and -cp are not used and CLASSPATH is not set, the
	  user class path consists of the current directory (.).

	  As a special convenience, a class path element containing a basename
	  of * is considered equivalent to specifying a list of all the files
	  in the directory with the extension .jar or .JAR (a java program
	  cannot tell the difference between the two invocations).
	  For example, if directory foo contains a.jar and b.JAR, then the
	  class path element foo/* is expanded to a A.jar:b.JAR, except that
	  the order of jar files is unspecified. All jar files in the speci‐
	  fied directory, even hidden ones, are included in the list. A class‐
	  path entry consisting simply of * expands to a list of all the jar
	  files in the current directory. The CLASSPATH environment variable,
	  where defined, will be similarly expanded. Any classpath wildcard
	  expansion occurs before the Java virtual machine is started -- no
	  Java program will ever see unexpanded wildcards except by querying
	  the environment. For example; by invoking System.getenv("CLASS‐
	  PATH").

	  For more information on class paths, see Setting the Class Path @
	  http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/technotes/tools/index.html#class‐
	  path.

	  -Dproperty=value
	     Set a system property value.

	  -d32

	  -d64
	     Request that the program to be run in a 32-bit or 64-bit environ‐
	     ment, respectively. If the requested environment is not installed
	     or is not supported, an error is reported.

	  Currently only the Java HotSpot Server VM supports 64-bit operation,
	  and the "-server" option is implicit with the use of -d64. And the
	  "-client" option is ignored with the use of -d64. This is subject to
	  change in a future release.

	  If neither -d32 nor -d64 is specified, the default is to run in a
	  32-bit environment, except for 64-bit only systems. This is subject
	  to change in a future release.

	  -enableassertions[:<package name>"..." | :<class name> ]

	  -ea[:<package name>"..." | :<class name> ]
	     Enable assertions. Assertions are disabled by default.

	  With no arguments, enableassertions or -ea enables assertions. With
	  one argument ending in "...", the switch enables assertions in the
	  specified package and any subpackages. If the argument is simply
	  "...", the switch enables assertions in the unnamed package in the
	  current working directory. With one argument not ending in "...",
	  the switch enables assertions in the specified class.

	  If a single command line contains multiple instances of these
	  switches, they are processed in order before loading any classes.
	  So, for example, to run a program with assertions enabled only in
	  package com.wombat.fruitbat (and any subpackages), the following
	  command could be used:
	  java -ea:com.wombat.fruitbat... <Main Class>

	  The -enableassertions and -ea switches apply to all class loaders
	  and to system classes (which do not have a class loader). There is
	  one exception to this rule: in their no-argument form, the switches
	  do not apply to system. This makes it easy to turn on asserts in all
	  classes except for system classes. A separate switch is provided to
	  enable asserts in all system classes; see -enablesystemassertions
	  below.

	  -disableassertions[:<package name>"..." | :<class name> ]

	  -da[:<package name>"..." | :<class name> ]
	     Disable assertions. This is the default.

	  With no arguments, disableassertions or -da disables assertions.
	  With one argument ending in "...", the switch disables assertions in
	  the specified package and any subpackages. If the argument is simply
	  "...", the switch disables assertions in the unnamed package in the
	  current working directory. With one argument not ending in "...",
	  the switch disables assertions in the specified class.

	  To run a program with assertions enabled in package com.wom‐
	  bat.fruitbat but disabled in class com.wombat.fruitbat.Brickbat, the
	  following command could be used:
	  java -ea:com.wombat.fruitbat... -da:com.wombat.fruitbat.Brickbat <Main Class>

	  The -disableassertions and -da switches apply to all class loaders
	  and to system classes (which do not have a class loader). There is
	  one exception to this rule: in their no-argument form, the switches
	  do not apply to system. This makes it easy to turn on asserts in all
	  classes except for system classes. A separate switch is provided to
	  enable asserts in all system classes; see -disablesystemassertions
	  below.

	  -enablesystemassertions

	  -esa
	     Enable asserts in all system classes (sets the default assertion
	     status for system classes to true).

	  -disablesystemassertions

	  -dsa
	     Disables asserts in all system classes.

	  -jar
	     Execute a program encapsulated in a JAR file. The first argument
	     is the name of a JAR file instead of a startup class name. In
	     order for this option to work, the manifest of the JAR file must
	     contain a line of the form Main-Class: classname. Here, classname
	     identifies the class having the pub‐
	     lic static void main(String[] args) method that serves as your
	     application's starting point. See the jar(1) and the Jar trail of
	     the Java Tutorial @
	     http://java.sun.com/docs/books/tutorial/jar for information about
	     working with Jar files and Jar-file manifests.

	  When you use this option, the JAR file is the source of all user
	  classes, and other user class path settings are ignored.

	  Note that JAR files that can be run with the "java -jar" option can
	  have their execute permissions set so they can be run without using
	  "java -jar". Refer to Java Archive (JAR) Files @
	  http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/technotes/guides/jar/index.html.

	  -javaagent:jarpath[=options]
	     Load a Java programming language agent, see java.lang.instrument
	     @
	     http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/lang/instrument/pack‐
	     age-summary.html.

	  -verbose

	  -verbose:class
	     Display information about each class loaded.

	  -verbose:gc
	     Report on each garbage collection event.

	  -verbose:jni
	     Report information about use of native methods and other Java
	     Native Interface activity.

	  -version
	     Display version information and exit.

	  -version:release
	     Specifies that the version specified by release is required by
	     the class or jar file specified on the command line. If the ver‐
	     sion of the java command invoked does not meet this specification
	     and an appropriate implementation is found on the system, the
	     appropriate implementation will be used.

	  release not only can specify an exact version, but can also specify
	  a list of versions called a version string. A version string is an
	  ordered list of version ranges separated by spaces. A version range
	  is either a version-id, a version-id followed by a star (*), a ver‐
	  sion-id followed by a plus sign (+) , or two version-ranges combined
	  using an ampersand (&). The star means prefix match, the plus sign
	  means this version or greater, and the ampersand means the logical
	  anding of the two version-ranges. For example:
	  -version:"1.5.0_04 1.5*&1.5.1_02+"
	  The meaning of the above is that the class or jar file requires
	  either version 1.5.0_02, or a version with 1.5 as a version-id pre‐
	  fix and that is not less than 1.5.1_02. The exact syntax and defini‐
	  tion of version strings may be found in Appendix A of the Java Net‐
	  work Launching Protocol & API Specification (JSR-56).

	  For jar files, the usual preference is to specify version require‐
	  ments in the jar file manifest rather than on the command line.

	  See the following NOTES section for important policy information on
	  the use of this option.

	  -showversion
	     Display version information and continue.

	  -?

	  -help
	     Display usage information and exit.

	  -X Display information about non-standard options and exit.

   Non-Standard Options
	     -Xint
		Operate in interpreted-only mode. Compilation to native code
		is disabled, and all bytecodes are executed by the inter‐
		preter. The performance benefits offered by the Java HotSpot
		VMs' adaptive compiler will not be present in this mode.

	     -Xbatch
		Disable background compilation. Normally the VM will compile
		the method as a background task, running the method in inter‐
		preter mode until the background compilation is finished. The
		-Xbatch flag disables background compilation so that compila‐
		tion of all methods proceeds as a foreground task until com‐
		pleted.

	     -Xbootclasspath:bootclasspath
		Specify a colon-separated list of directories, JAR archives,
		and ZIP archives to search for boot class files. These are
		used in place of the boot class files included in the Java 2
		SDK. Note: Applications that use this option for the purpose
		of overriding a class in rt.jar should not be deployed as
		doing so would contravene the Java 2 Runtime Environment
		binary code license.

	     -Xbootclasspath/a:path
		Specify a colon-separated path of directires, JAR archives,
		and ZIP archives to append to the default bootstrap class
		path.

	     -Xbootclasspath/p:path
		Specify a colon-separated path of directires, JAR archives,
		and ZIP archives to prepend in front of the default bootstrap
		class path. Note: Applications that use this option for the
		purpose of overriding a class in rt.jar should not be deployed
		as doing so would contravene the Java 2 Runtime Environment
		binary code license.

	     -Xcheck:jni
		Perform additional checks for Java Native Interface (JNI)
		functions. Specifically, the Java Virtual Machine validates
		the parameters passed to the JNI function as well as the run‐
		time environment data before processing the JNI request. Any
		invalid data encountered indicates a problem in the native
		code, and the Java Virtual Machine will terminate with a fatal
		error in such cases. Expect a performance degradation when
		this option is used.

	     -Xfuture
		Perform strict class-file format checks. For purposes of back‐
		wards compatibility, the default format checks performed by
		the Java 2 SDK's virtual machine are no stricter than the
		checks performed by 1.1.x versions of the JDK software. The
		-Xfuture flag turns on stricter class-file format checks that
		enforce closer conformance to the class-file format specifica‐
		tion. Developers are encouraged to use this flag when develop‐
		ing new code because the stricter checks will become the
		default in future releases of the Java application launcher.

	     -Xnoclassgc
		Disable class garbage collection. Use of this option will pre‐
		vent memory recovery from loaded classes thus increasing over‐
		all memory usage. This could cause OutOfMemoryError to be
		thrown in some applications.

	     -Xincgc
		Enable the incremental garbage collector. The incremental
		garbage collector, which is off by default, will reduce the
		occasional long garbage-collection pauses during program exe‐
		cution. The incremental garbage collector will at times exe‐
		cute concurrently with the program and during such times will
		reduce the processor capacity available to the program.

	     -Xloggc:file
		Report on each garbage collection event, as with -verbose:gc,
		but log this data to file. In addition to the information
		-verbose:gc gives, each reported event will be preceeded by
		the time (in seconds) since the first garbage-collection
		event.

	     Always use a local file system for storage of this file to avoid
	     stalling the JVM due to network latency. The file may be trun‐
	     cated in the case of a full file system and logging will continue
	     on the truncated file. This option overrides -verbose:gc if both
	     are given on the command line.

	     -Xmsn
		Specify the initial size, in bytes, of the memory allocation
		pool. This value must be a multiple of 1024 greater than 1MB.
		Append the letter k or K to indicate kilobytes, or m or M to
		indicate megabytes. The default value is chosen at runtime
		based on system configuration. For more information, see
		HotSpot Ergonomics
		Examples:

		       -Xms6291456
		       -Xms6144k
		       -Xms6m

	     -Xmxn
		Specify the maximum size, in bytes, of the memory allocation
		pool. This value must a multiple of 1024 greater than 2MB.
		Append the letter k or K to indicate kilobytes, or m or M to
		indicate megabytes. The default value is chosen at runtime
		based on system configuration. For more information, see
		HotSpot Ergonomics
		Examples:

		       -Xmx83886080
		       -Xmx81920k
		       -Xmx80m

	     On Solaris 7 and Solaris 8 SPARC platforms, the upper limit for
	     this value is approximately 4000m minus overhead amounts. On
	     Solaris 2.6 and x86 platforms, the upper limit is approximately
	     2000m minus overhead amounts. On Linux platforms, the upper limit
	     is approximately 2000m minus overhead amounts.

	     -Xprof
		Profiles the running program, and sends profiling data to
		standard output. This option is provided as a utility that is
		useful in program development and is not intended to be be
		used in production systems.

	     -Xrs
		Reduces use of operating-system signals by the Java virtual
		machine (JVM).

	     In a previous release, the Shutdown Hooks facility was added to
	     allow orderly shutdown of a Java application. The intent was to
	     allow user cleanup code (such as closing database connections) to
	     run at shutdown, even if the JVM terminates abruptly.

	     Sun's JVM catches signals to implement shutdown hooks for abnor‐
	     mal JVM termination. The JVM uses SIGHUP, SIGINT, and SIGTERM to
	     initiate the running of shutdown hooks.

	     The JVM uses a similar mechanism to implement the pre-1.2 feature
	     of dumping thread stacks for debugging purposes. Sun's JVM uses
	     SIGQUIT to perform thread dumps.

	     Applications embedding the JVM frequently need to trap signals
	     like SIGINT or SIGTERM, which can lead to interference with the
	     JVM's own signal handlers. The -Xrs command-line option is avail‐
	     able to address this issue. When -Xrs is used on Sun's JVM, the
	     signal masks for SIGINT, SIGTERM, SIGHUP, and SIGQUIT are not
	     changed by the JVM, and signal handlers for these signals are not
	     installed.

	     There are two consequences of specifying -Xrs:

		o SIGQUIT thread dumps are not available.

		o User code is responsible for causing shutdown hooks to run,
		  for example by calling System.exit() when the JVM is to be
		  terminated.

	     -Xssn
		Set thread stack size.

	     -XX:+UseAltSigs
		The VM uses SIGUSR1 and SIGUSR2 by default, which can some‐
		times conflict with applications that signal-chain SIGUSR1 and
		SIGUSR2. The -XX:+UseAltSigs option will cause the VM to use
		signals other than SIGUSR1 and SIGUSR2 as the default.

NOTES
       The -version:release command line option places no restrictions on the
       complexity of the release specification. However, only a restricted
       subset of the possible release specifications represent sound policy
       and only these are fully supported. These policies are:

	  1. Any version, represented by not using this option.

	  2. Any version greater than an arbitrarily precise version-id. For
	     example:
	     "1.5.0_03+"

	  Would utilize any version greater than 1.5.0_03. This is useful for
	  a case where an interface was introduced (or a bug fixed) in the
	  release specified.

	  3. A version greater than an arbitrarily precise version-id, bounded
	     by the upper bound of that release family. For example:
	     "1.5.0_03+&1.5*"

	  4. "Or" expressions of items 2. or 3. above. For example:
	     "1.4.2_05+&1.4* 1.5+"
	     Similar to item 2. this is useful when a change was introduced in
	     a release (1.5) but also made available in updates to previous
	     releases.

SEE ALSO
	  o javac(1)

	  o jdb(1)

	  o javah(1)

	  o jar(1)

	  o The Java Extensions Framework @
	    http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/technotes/guides/exten‐
	    sions/index.html

	  o Security Features @
	    http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/technotes/guides/secu‐
	    rity/index.html.

	  o HotSpot VM Specific Options @
	    http://java.sun.com/docs/hotspot/VMOptions.html.

				  20 Mar 2008			       java(1)
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